Functional safety is the part of the overall safety of a system or piece of equipment that depends on automatic protection operating correctly in response to its inputs or failure in a predictable manner (fail-safe). The automatic protection system should be designed to properly handle likely human errors, hardware failures and operational/environmental stress. Functional safety is intrinsically end-to-end in scope in that it has to treat the function of a component or subsystem as part of the function of the entire automatic protection function of any system. This means that whilst functional safety standards focus on electrical, electronic, and programmable systems (E/E/PS), the end-to-end scope means that in practice functional safety methods have to extend to the non-E/E/PS parts of the system that the E/E/PS actuators, valves, motor controls or monitors.
The Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is a semi-quantitative tool. As a risk assessment methodology, LOPA uses order of magnitude categories for initiating event frequency, consequence severity, and the likelihood of failure of independent protection layers (IPLs) to estimate risks. Further, we'll see each and every aspect of LOPA one by one in detail.